Health education can save the environment from medicine residues

Abstract The incorrect disposal of medicines and their environmental impact has been related to the health medicalization and the improper use of medication by society. In this sense, it is very important to know the profile of drug disposal for foster health policies. The aim was to identify the profile of disposal of medicines by the population, including the cost perspective. This is an inquiry descriptive study that began in September 2019. Medicine disposal health education program was carried out over six months in two University pharmacies. A questionnaire for sociodemographic and discarded medicines data collection was applied. Logistic regression analysis for variables association of correct disposal and the chi-square and t-student analysis for comparison between disposal programs were performed for a level of 5% and test power of 80%. Medicines weighed 23.3 kg and 28.5 kg, with the cost variation from US$ 13.5 to US$ 16.1 until the final treatment. The correct disposal was strongly associated with the disposal reason (p=0.013), source of information (p=0.006), prescription (p=0.03), form of use (p=0.01), acquisition source (p=0.001), cost with medication (p=0.0001), education (p=0.028) and age (p=0.05). The correct medicine disposal was associated with important features of the community related to education health.

FT-NIR associado a método quimiométrico para discriminar resíduos de antimicrobianos e antiparasitário no leite / FT-NIR coupled to chemometric method to discriminate antimicrobial and antiparasitic residues in milk

Introdução: O leite é um dos alimentos mais consumidos pelos seres humanos. Proteínas, vitaminas, gordura, carboidratos e sais minerais fazem parte de sua composição e desempenham importantes funções para a nutrição humana. A prática de adulteração no leite é antiga e ainda se faz presente nos dias de hoje em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. A fim de obter lucro maior, alguns fornecedores costumam adicionar ao leite: água, amido, citrato, ureia, soda cáustica, cloreto de sódio, sacarose, soro do leite, melamina e outros componentes. No entanto, ainda há outro problema, o da contaminação do leite por medicamentos veterinários. Estes podem causar danos à saúde do consumidor e prejuízos para a produção de seus derivados. Objetivo: O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia que permite detectar de maneira rápida a presença de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em leites, dentro do limite máximo de resíduos de cada droga. Métodos: Fez-se o uso da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo por transformada de Fourier associada à análise de componentes principais. A espectroscopia no infravermelho tem sido utilizada não somente para a autenticidade de laticínios, mas para determinar sua qualidade. Resultados: Conseguiu-se detectar resíduos de penicilina, oxitetraciclina e enrofloxacino, e também do antiparasitário ivermectina nas amostras de leites. Conclusão: A metodologia detectou de maneira rápida e precisa os resíduos das drogas analisadas, mesmo em concentrações muito baixas. Assim, é uma opção a outras existentes, já utilizadas para tal objetivo. (AU)

Introduction: Milk is one of the most consumed foods by humans. Proteins, vitamins, fat, carbohydrates and minerals are part of its composition and play important roles in human nutrition. The practice of adulteration in milk is old and is still present today in several countries, including Brazil. In order to obtain a higher profit, some suppliers usually add to the milk: water, starch, citrate, urea, caustic soda, sodium chloride, sucrose, whey, melamine and other components. However, there is still another problem, that of contamination of milk by veterinary medicines. These can cause damage to the health of the consumer and damage to the production of its derivatives. Objective: The present work proposes a methodology that allows to quickly detect the presence of residues of veterinary medicines in milk, within the maximum residue limit of each drug. Methods: The use of spectroscopy in the near infrared by Fourier transform associated with the analysis of principal components was used. Infrared spectroscopy has been used not only for the authenticity of dairy products, but to determine their quality. Results: It was possible to detect residues of penicillin, oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin, and also of the antiparasitic ivermectin in the milk samples. Conclusion: The methodology fastly and accurately detected the residues of the analyzed drugs, even in very low concentrations. Thus, it is an option to other existing ones, already used for this purpose. (AU)

Revisão dos dispositivos legais e normativos internacionais e nacionais sobre gestão de medicamentos e de seus resíduos / Review of national and international legal and regulatory mechanisms on the management of drugs and the residues thereof

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão descritiva de leis e normas adotadas pelos países da Europa, das Américas e Austrália sobre gestão de medicamentos e de seus resíduos. Esta revisão integra pontos relevantes de documentos oficiais das agências reguladoras desses países, bem como de trabalhos científicos importantes. Todos os países pesquisados realizam gestão de medicamentos concomitantemente com a gestão de seus resíduos, atuando desde programas de conscientização sobre o uso racional e os riscos dos medicamentos até na coleta e disposição segura de seus resíduos. A Alemanha, os EUA e a Suécia exigem uma avaliação prévia do impacto ambiental provocado pelo medicamento como critério de seu registro. Em destaque, a Suécia que periodicamente atualiza uma lista de medicamentos essenciais baseada na avaliação do risco e do perigo ambiental de seus resíduos. No Brasil, as medidas legais propostas como prescrição racional e logística reversa ainda não foram efetivamente implementadas. A avaliação prévia de impacto ambiental resguarda os riscos à saúde humana e da biota selvagem causados pela exposição aos resíduos de medicamentos. Portanto, esses modelos internacionais poderiam servir de base para discussões e/ou alterações legais e normativas no Brasil.

Abstract This paper presents a descriptive review of laws and regulations on the management of drugs and the residues thereof adopted by countries in Europe, the Americas and Australia. This review integrates relevant points of official documents of regulatory agencies in these countries, as well as important scientific works. All countries surveyed carry out drug management concomitant with the management of the residues thereof, ranging from awareness programs on the rational use and the risks of drugs through to the collection and safe disposal of such residues. Germany, the USA and Sweden demand a prior assessment of the environmental impact caused by a given drug as a criterion for its registration. Sweden is noteworthy in that it periodically updates a list of essential drugs based on risk assessment and the environmental risks posed by the residues thereof. In Brazil, the legal measures proposed including rational prescription and reverse logistics have not yet been effectively implemented. Prior environmental impact assessment safeguards the risks to human health and the wild biota caused by exposure to drug residues. Therefore, these international models could serve as a basis for discussion and/or legal and regulatory changes in Brazil.

Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics models of veterinary antimicrobial agents

Misuse and abuse of veterinary antimicrobial agents have led to an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, clinical treatment failure, and drug residues. To address these problems, consistent and appropriate dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are needed. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models have been widely used to establish rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents that can achieve effective prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases and avoid the development of bacterial resistance. This review introduces building methods for PK/PD models and describes current PK/PD research progress toward rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PK/PD models in the design of dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are reviewed. This review will help to increase awareness of PK/PD modeling among veterinarians and hopefully promote its development and future use.

Climate conditions associated with the occurrence of antimicrobial and macrocyclic lactone residues in bulk tank milk / Condições climáticas associadas à ocorrência de resíduos de antimicrobianos e lactonas macrocíclicas em amostras de leite de tanque

The present study aimed to identify the climate condition parameters that are associated with the occurrence of antimicrobial and macrocyclic lactone residues in bulk tank milk using a multivariate principal components analysis (PCA). A total of 132 raw milk samples were collected at dairy farms in Minas Gerais State in Brazil and analyzed for 35 analytes, comprising macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode spectrometry. Of the 132 samples, 34 (25.76%) bulk tank milk samples were positive for at least one analyte. PCA showed that antimicrobial residues in bulk tank milk occurred less frequently on days with a higher average temperature, maximum temperature and temperature-humidity index. In contrast, relative humidity was inversely associated with antimicrobial residues in raw milk. The PCA showed that daily milk production was also related to macrocyclic lactone residues, while rainfall showed an inverse association. Thus, some climate conditions, such as average temperature, maximum temperature and temperature-humidity index, can predict the moments with lower risk of occurrence of antimicrobial residues in bulk tank milk, in contrast to relative humidity. Furthermore, the risk of macrocyclic lactone residues in bulk tank milk was higher in months with less rainfall.(AU)

O presente trabalho objetivou identificar fatores climáticos associados à ocorrência de resíduos de antimicrobianos e lactonas macrocíclicas em amostras de leite de tanque por análise multivariada de componentes principais (ACP). Para o presente trabalho, 132 amostras de leite cru foram coletadas em fazendas leiteiras localizadas no estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil) e analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e espectrometria de massas in tandem para detecção de 35 analitos, incluindo antimicrobianos e lactonas macrocíclicas. Das 132 amostras de leite analisadas, detectou-se pelo menos um analito em 34 (25,76%) amostras. A ACP demonstrou que a presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos no leite de tanque ocorreu menos frequentemente nos dias com maior temperatura média, temperatura máxima e índice de temperatura e umidade. Por outro lado, a umidade relativa foi inversamente associada à presença de resíduos antimicrobianos no leite. A ACP demonstrou associação entre a presença de resíduos de lactonas macrocíclicas no leite e a produção diária de leite, e a presença de resíduos de lactonas macrocíclicas ocorreu menos frequentemente nos meses com maiores índices pluviométricos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que alguns índices climáticos, como temperatura média, temperatura máxima e índice de temperatura e umidade, podem predizer períodos com maior risco de ocorrência de resíduos de antimicrobianos, em contraste com a umidade relativa. Além disso, o risco de resíduos de lactonas macrocíclicas no leite de tanque foi maior nos meses com menores índices pluviométricos.(AU)

Survey of pyrethroid, macrocyclic lactone and antibacterial residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil / Resíduos de piretróides, lactonas macrocíclicas e antimicrobianos em amostras de leite de tanque no estado de Minas Gerais

A survey of veterinary drug residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was carried out through a broad scope analysis. Here, 132 raw milk samples were collected at 45 dairy farms in Minas Gerais from August 2009 to February 2010, and analyzed for 42 analytes, comprising pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Within all milk samples, at least one veterinary drug residue was identified in 40 milk samples (30.30%) by confirmatory tests, whereas 16 samples (12.12%) showed the presence of at least two residues. With regard to the Brazilian maximum residue levels, 11 milk samples (8.33%) were non-compliant according to Brazilian Legislation. The veterinary drugs detected in the non-compliant milk samples include penicillin V (one sample), abamectin (one sample) and cypermethrin (nine samples). Furthermore, the antibacterial screening methods failed to identify most of the positive samples that were detected by confirmatory tests, leading to a large discrepancy between the screening and confirmatory antimicrobial tests. Thus, the present study indicated that the veterinary drugs residues still represents a great concern for the milk production chain.(AU)

Avaliou-se a presença de 42 analitos, incluindo piretróides, lactonas macrocíclicas e antimicrobianos em 132 amostras de leite de tanque proveniente de 45 propriedades leiteiras localizadas no Estado de Minas Gerais. Para tal, utilizou-se a cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrofotometria de massas tandem e cromatografia gasosa com detector com captura de elétrons. Dentre todas as amostras de leite, 40 (30,30%) amostras de leite de tanque apresentaram a presença de pelo menos um analito, enquanto 16 amostras (12,12%) de leite demonstraram a presença de pelo menos dois analitos. Considerando os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, 11 amostras de leite (8,33%) seriam consideradas como não conforme. Ademais, os testes de triagem para detecção de antimicrobianos no leite não conseguiram identificar a maioria das amostras positivas nos testes confirmatórios, levando a grande discrepância entre estes testes. Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que os períodos de descarte do leite, especialmente para piretróides, não foram plenamente respeitados por todos os produtores de leite. Além disto, uma discrepância entre os resultados dos testes confirmatórios e os testes de triagem foi observada.(AU)

Commonly screened antibiotics in raw milk from dairy plants under State Inspection in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Antibióticos comumente investigados no leite cru em laticínios sujeitos a Inspeção Estadual no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

This study aimed at identifying the commonly screened antibiotics during the dairy processing routine in raw-milk receiving points in plants inspected by the official services in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from January 2014 to February 2015. Among the 36 participating industries, the most commonly screened antibiotics were beta lactams (100%) and tetracyclines (69%). The antibiotics screened at the milk receiving point were chosen because of the practicality and speed in performing the screening (67%), rather than specific knowledge on which antibiotics the milk suppliers used. (22%).(AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os antibióticos comumente investigados durante a rotina de processamento do leite cru recebido em laticínios sob Inspeção Estadual no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), entre janeiro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015. Entre as 36 indústrias participantes, os antibióticos mais comumente investigados foram beta-lactâmicos (100%) e tetraciclinas (69%). A seleção por quais antibióticos investigar no recebimento do leite foi influenciada pela praticidade e rapidez na execução da análise (67%), em detrimento do conhecimento específico sobre quais antibióticos eram utilizados pelos produtores de leite (22%).(AU)

Descarte de medicamentos industrializados para uso humano no contexto da sustentabilidade: análise crítica / Disposal of industrialized medicines for human use in the context of sustainability critical analysis

Introdução - O descarte de medicamentos sem prévio tratamento impacta no meio ambiente e na qualidade de vida das pessoas. O descarte também significa prejuízo econômico. Objetivo - O objetivo principal é compreender a dinâmica do descarte de medicamento industrializado de uso humano. São objetivos secundários identificar pontos de melhoria no processo de descarte de medicamentos na cidade de São Paulo visando diminuir seu volume e apresentar recomendações que intensifiquem a presença dos fundamentos da sustentabilidade no procedimento de descarte de medicamentos industrializados para uso humano. Métodos - Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória realizada com levantamento bibliográfico e documental e aplicação de entrevista semiestruturada com proprietários de drogarias da cidade de São Paulo. Também foram realizados questionários com perguntas abertas em visitas técnicas a profissionais envolvidos em iniciativas de descarte. Resultados O município de São Paulo realiza a coleta de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde nos estabelecimentos que recolhem compulsoriamente a taxa para este fim. No período 2011-2015 o volume coletado destes resíduos aumentou 25,12 por cento e o valor arrecadado com a contribuição da taxa 450,83 por cento . Não há sistema de logística reversa de medicamentos na cidade de São Paulo, nem consenso quanto a melhor tecnologia a ser empregada no descarte de medicamentos. Foram identificadas iniciativas algumas informais que diminuem o volume descartado e ampliam o acesso das pessoas aos medicamentos. Conclusões - As seguintes recomendações são apresentadas: (i) Indicador de sustentabilidade do estoque; (ii) Um modelo possível de logística reversa de medicamentos no Brasil (iii) conhecer qualitativamente o medicamento descartado para ter elementos de revisão de suas embalagens, para realizar esta pesquisa survey, é disponibilizada uma página web, (iv) o reconhecimento da intermediação técnica como instrumento da PNRS; (v) O discurso social deve prevalecer sobre o ambiental para adesão de ações sustentáveis

Introduction - The disposal of medicines without previous treatment impacts on the environment and the quality of life of the people. Disposal also means economic loss. Objective - The main objective is understand the dynamics of the disposal of industrialized medicine for human use. Secondary objectives are identify improvement points in the drug disposal process in the city of São Paulo, aiming at reducing its volume and presenting recommendations that intensify the presence of sustainability fundamentals in the procedure of discarding industrialized drugs for human use. Methods - This is an exploratory research carried out with a bibliographical and documentary survey and semi-structured questions interview applied with owners of drugstores in the city of São Paulo. Questionnaires with open questions were also conducted on technical visits to professionals involved in discarding initiatives. Results - The city of São Paulo carries out the collection of solid waste from health services in establishments that collect the fee for this purpose. In the period 2011-2015 the volume of these wastes increased by 25.12 per cent and the amount collected with the contribution of the rate 450.83 per cent . There is no reverse logistics system for medicines in the city of São Paulo, nor consensus regarding the best technology to be used in the disposal of medicines. Initiatives some informal ones have been identified reducing the volume discarded and increasing peoples access to medicines. Conclusion - The following recommendations are presented: (i) sustainability stock indicator; (Ii) A model of reverse logistics for medicines in Brazil (iii) know qualitatively the discarded drug in order to have elements to review its packaging, to carry out this survey, a web page is made available, (iv) recognition of technical intermediation as an instrument of PNRS; (V) the social discourse should prevail over the environmental one for the adhesion of sustainable actions

Climate conditions associated with the occurrence of pyrethroid residues in bulk milk tank / Condições climáticas associadas à ocorrência de resíduos de piretroides em amostras de leite de tanque

The present study attempted to identify climate conditions that are associated with the occurrence of pyrethroid residues using a multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 132 raw milk samples were collected from dairy farms in Minas Gerais State - Brazil and analyzed for seven analytes using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Of the 132 milk samples, pyrethroid residues were identified in 14 (10.6%) milk samples, of which 12 (9.1%) and two (1.5%) milk samples had the identification of cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. From those samples, nine (6.8%) milk samples were regarded as non-compliant for cypermethrin with this analyte concentration above the maximum residue limits set by Brazilian legislation. A PCA assessing pyrethroid residues in bulk tank milk demonstrated that the average temperature and the Temperature-Humidity Index were associated with pyrethroids residues in bulk milk tank, although the relative humidity was inversely correlated. Thus, the data analysis indicated that the pyrethrid residues associated with some climate conditions can predict the moments with higher risk of occurrence of pyrethroid residues in bulk tank milk.(AU)

O presente trabalho objetivou identificar fatores climáticos associados à ocorrência de resíduos de piretroides em amostras de leite de tanque por análise multivariada de componentes principais (ACP). Para o presente trabalho, 132 amostras de leite cru foram coletadas em fazendas leiteiras localizadas no estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil) e analisadas por sete analitos por cromatografia gasosa com detector por captura de eletróns para detecção de resíduos de piretroides. Das 132 amostras de leite analisadas, a presença de resíduos de piretroides foi detectada em 14 amostras (10,6%), e em 12 (9,1%) e duas (1,5%) foram detectados cipermetrina e deltametrina, respectivamente. Destas amostras, em nove (6,8%) a concentração de cipermetrina encontrada foi maior que a permitida pela legislação brasileira. A ACP demonstrou que a presença de resíduos de piretroides no leite de tanque ocorreu menos frequentemente nos dias com maior umidade relativa, embora a presença desses resíduos estivesse associada a maior temperatura média e a maior índice de temperatura e umidade. Dessa forma, conclui-se que alguns índices climáticos podem predizer períodos com maior risco de ocorrência de resíduos de piretroides no leite de tanque.(AU)

Conocimientos y prácticas de pacientes sobre disposición de medicamentos no consumidos: aproximación a la ecofarmacovigilancia / Patients' knowledge and practices about unconsumed drugs disposal: an Approach to Ecopharmacovigilance

Objetivo Este estudio busca describir conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre disposición de medicamentos sobrantes (MS) y vencidos (MV). Métodos Estudio descriptivo en 392 pacientes en un Hospital de Bogotá. Resultados La edad fue de 17-86 años. 66,1 % tenía MS, de los cuales 31,4 % pertenece al sistema nervioso (clasificación Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical de la OMS). El 25,8 % dispone los MS en la Basura Corriente (BC) y 64,0 % disponen los MV en la BC. El 17,4 % cree que los MS y el 62,5 % que los MV deben botarse a la BC. El 4,9 % cree que los MS y el 6,6 % que los MV deben entregarse en sitios especializados. El 92,4 % no conoce los PDM y el 86,7 % los Puntos Azules; al 94,6 % le gustaría recibir información. El 79,1 % cree que los medicamentos desechados pueden afectar la salud y 88,8 % el ambiente. Conclusiones La mayoría de encuestados dispone inadecuadamente los medicamentos, cree que no está bien hacerlo así y que esto puede afectar negativamente el ambiente y la salud. Se observa interés por informarse, esto demuestra que hay un campo con posibilidades de sensibilización, información y educación desde la farmacovigilancia en beneficio de la población.(AU)

Objective To describe knowledge, attitudes and practices about remaining drugs (RD) and expired drugs (ED) disposal. Method Descriptive study in 392 patients at a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Results Participants were 17 to 86 years old. 66.1% of them had RD, 31.4 % were nervous system drugs (according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification of WHO). 25.8 % of people dispose of RD in common waste (CW) and 64.0 % dispose of ED in CW. 17.4 % think RD, and 62.5 % think ED should be thrown away like CW. 4.9% of people think RD, and 6.6 % think ED should be thrown away in specialized places. 92.4 % people don't know about DRP nor 86.7 % about "Puntos Azules"; 94.6 % would like more information. 79.1 % think that throwing away drugs can affect health and, 88.8 %, the environment. Conclusions Most participants dispose of drugs inappropriately. They think that it is wrong and this can damage the environment and health. There is an interest in being informed. This reveals an area of possible work in awareness, information and education from pharmacovigilance about this subject for the benefit of the population.(AU)

Rapid and Sensitive Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for the Determination of Neomycin Residues in Milk / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Immunoassays greatly contribute to veterinary drug residue analysis. However, there are few reports on detecting neomycin residues by immunoassay. Here, a rapid and sensitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLIEA) was successfully developed for neomycin residue analysis. CLIEA demonstrated good cross-reactivity for neomycin, and the IC50 value was 2.4 ng/mL in buffer. The average recovery range was 88.5%-105.4% for spiked samples (10, 50, and 100 μg/kg), and the coefficient of variation was in the range of 7.5%-14.5%. The limit of detection of CLEIA was 9.4 μg/kg, and this method was compared with the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using naturally contaminated samples, producing a correlation coefficient of >0.95. We demonstrate a reliable CLIEA for the rapid screening of neomycin in milk.

Chromatographic detection of nitrofurans in foods of animal origin / Detecção cromatográfica de nitrofuranos em alimentos de origem animal

Nitrofurans are antibacterials banned in livestock by different countries due to its relationship with the production of carcinogenic metabolites. Several studies have been conducted to find the best methodology to identify these residues. Te objectives of this review work were to show the risk of nitrofuran metabolites (furazolidone; nitrofurazone; nitrofurantoin, furaltadone and nifursol); to explain the application of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine the presence of these residues in foods of animal origin; and, finally, to report some methodologies that were recently used in different foods of animal origin.(AU)

Nitrofuranos são antibacterianos proibidos na criação de animais por diferentes países devido a sua relação com a produção de metabolitos carcinogênicos. Vários trabalhos de pesquisa têm sido desenvolvidos para encontrar a melhor metodologia que possa identificar esses resíduos. O presente trabalho de revisão teve como objetivos mostrar o risco dos metabolitos dos nitrofuranos (furazolidona, nitrofurazona, nitrofurantoina, furaltadona e nifursol); explicar a aplicação da cromatografia líquida e da espectrometria de massas para determinar a presença desses resíduos em alimentos de origem animal; e, finalmente, relatar algumas metodologias usadas recentemente em alimentos de origem animal.(AU)

Detection and assessment of antibiotic and sex hormone residues in Eriocheir sinensis sold in markets in Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the antibiotic and sex hormone residue level in the Eriocheir sinensis sold in markets in Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty six mitten crabs were collected through convenient sampling in Xuhui and Changning districts in Shanghai in 2014. The residues of 13 antibiotics (4 quinolones, 3 sulfonamides, 2 tetracyclines, 2 amphenicols, 1 macrolides, and trimethoprim) and 7 sex hormones (4 endogenous sex hormones and 3 synthetic sex hormones) were detected by the isotope dilution method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry in visceral organs and muscles of crabs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 7 antibiotics were detected in visceral organs or muscles of crabs, including 3 quinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin), 3 sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole) and trimethoprim. In visceral organs, the overall antibiotic detection rate was 32.1%, the maximum sum of mass concentration was 23.8 µg/kg, and the 75th percentile was 1.45 µg/kg. In muscles, the overall antibiotic detection rate was 39.3%, the maximum sum of mass concentration was 40.5 µg/kg, and the 75th percentile was 1.75 µg/kg. No sex hormones were detected in both visceral organs and muscles.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The antibiotic and sex hormone residue level in the Eriocheir sinensis sold in markets in Shanghai did not exceed the national standard, indicating that no risk was posed to human health.</p>

Resíduos de antibióticos e qualidade microbiológica de leite cru e beneficiado / Residues of antibiotics and microbiological quality of raw and benefited milk

A ausência de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários nos alimentos é uma das exigências para a segurança alimentar e demonstra o respeito às boas práticas ao longo da cadeia agroalimentar. No leite, além dos riscos à saúde dos consumidores, a presença de antibióticos afeta diretamente a produção de derivados por inibir os processos fermentativos. Este estudo avaliou a presença de resíduos de antibióticos em amostras de leite cru (n=10) e beneficiado (n=20) produzido e comercializado no Distrito Federal, utilizando-se SNAP duo* kit tetra-Beta. Foram também realizadas análises microbiológicas para contagem de aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais e psicrotróficos, além do teste de lactofermentação. Nenhuma amostra apresentou resíduos de tetraciclinas e β-lactâmicos, concluindo-se que até o momento desta pesquisa, o leite produzido e beneficiado no Distrito Federal não apresenta perigo químico em relação à presença destes resíduos de antimicrobianos. Entretanto, a qualidade microbiológica do leite cru e pasteurizado foi considerada insatisfatória...

Detection of antimicrobial and anthelmintic residues in bulk tank milk from four different mesoregions of Minas Gerais State - Brazil / Detecção de resíduos antimicrobianos e anti-helmínticos no leite de tanque de quatro mesorregiões do estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil

Avaliou-se a presença de resíduos antimicrobianos (ceftiofur, estreptomicinas, quinolonas, tetraciclinas, tianfenicol e tilosina) e anti-helmínticos (benzimidazóis, aminobenzimidazóis, levamisol, avermectinas, tiabendazóis, moxidectina e triclabendazóis) em, respectivamente, 70 e 83 amostras de leite cru provenientes de quatro mesorregiões (Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, Central Mineira, Oeste de Minas e Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte) do estado de Minas Gerais. Este estudo demonstrou a presença de quinolonas (2,86por cento), estreptomicinas (2,86por cento) e tetraciclinas (11,43por cento) nas amostras de leite cru analisadas. Ademais, observou-se expressiva porcentagem de amostras de leite cru positivas para os anti-helmínticos amino- benzimidazóis (55,42por cento), levamisol (53,57por cento), avermectinas (60,24por cento), tiabendazóis (67.47por cento), moxidectina (73,49por cento) e triclabendazóis (45,78por cento), e em menor porcentagem os benzimidazóis (6,02por cento). Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que os resíduos de antimicrobianos e anti-helmínticos no leite em Minas Gerais devem ser constantemente monitorados pelas autoridades competentes com intuito de oferecer aos consumidores um alimento sem riscos à saúde humana...

Purification technology of procymidone residues in ginseng extracts by macroporous resins / 中国中药杂志

The macroporous resin separation technology has been mainly applied in the enrichment of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and other ingredients, and used in the removal of heavy metal impurities and pesticide residues in recent years. This paper focuses on the synthesis of the new-type macroporous adsorption resin LKS-11 according to the molecular structure characteristics of procymidone. Specifically, the selective absorptive property and other advantages of macroporous resin were utilized to analyze the procymidone removal efficiency in ginseng extracts from different sources. The type of macroporous resins, absorptive property and desorption conditions were observed respectively by static and dynamic adsorption methods to determined the optimum process conditions. According to the results, LKS-11 showed a good absorptive property to procymidone in ginseng extracts and provided a theoretical basis for studies on the removal of procymidone residues from ginseng extracts by using macroporous adsorption resin. Because of no secondary pollution on samples, low production and operation costs, high procymidone removal efficiency and high product recovery rate, this method is suitable to be applied in production.

trace analysis of oxytetracycline and tetracycline residues in pasteurized milk supplied in Tehran: a one-year study [April 2011-March 2012]

Tetracyclines [TCs] are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are widely used in veterinary medicine. The presence of TCs residues in milk is a public health concern all over the world. This study aimed to determine TCs residuals in pasteurized milk marketed by some dairy companies in Tehran from April 2011 to March 2012. 432 pasteurized milk samples were purchased from supermarkets supplying the milk products of 12 major dairy companies in Tehran [3 samples from each company every month], and they were stored at -20 0C until analysis. Oxytetracycline [OTC] and Tetracycline [TC] residues in each sample were extracted by a liquid - liquid phase procedure and quantitated using a high performance liquid chromatographic [HPLC] method. Chromatographic conditions included a mobile phase as oxalic acid buffer- acetonitril [80: 20] with a flow rate of 1mL/min and UVdetection at 355 nm. TCs residuals in most milk samples were lower than 100 ppb, maximum residue level [MRL]; however, in seven samples [1.62%] the total residues of OTC and TC were more than MRL. In the latter milk samples, the median total TCs residue was 625 ppb, ranging between 274 and 1270 ppb. Because of the presence of TC residues above the MRL level in a limited number of milk samples, it is concluded that more studies and supervision of health authorities are needed in this field

Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em alimentos de origem animal / Veterinary drug residues in food from animal origin / Residuos de medicamentos veterinarios en alimentos de origen animal

É crescente a preocupação de consumidores quanto à presença de resíduos químicos em alimentos de origem animal, principalmente antimicrobianos, hormônios e agrotóxicos. Com o uso massivo de fertilizantes e medicamentos veterinários, muitas vezes, estimulado pela indústria química, é cada vez mais comum a presença desses compostos em alimentos. Possíveis consequências prejudiciais à saúde humana podem surgir como resultado da exposição aguda e/ou crônica a resíduos de medicamentos veterinários. Esses resíduos normalmente são detectados em níveis abaixo do limite máximo permitido, favorecendo o aparecimento de tumores a longo prazo, embora as reações de hipersensibilidade em consumidores sensibilizados e a resistência a antibióticos possam ocorrer. A atuação de programas de monitoramento e vigilância, bem como das boas práticas agropecuárias, tornam-se fundamentais para a prevenção e controle de resíduos em alimentos. Este estudo atualiza informações referentes à indústria de medicamentos veterinários e revisa as principais causas de seus resíduos em produtos de origem animal, principais tipos de resíduos encontrados, incidências e aspectos regulatórios com ênfase nos riscos à saúde pública...

There is a growing concern by consumers about the presence of chemical residues in food from animal origin, mainly antimicrobial drugs, hormones and pesticides. With the massive use of fertilizers and veterinary drugs, often stimulated by the chemical industry, it is increasingly common to have the presence of these compounds in food. Possible harmful consequences to human health may arise as a result of acute and/or chronic exposure to veterinary drug residues. These residues are usually detected at levels below the maximum permitted levels, favoring the appearance of tumors in the long term, although hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized consumers and antimicrobial resistance may occur. The role of monitoring and surveillance programs, as well as of good agricultural practices, has become crucial for the prevention and control of residues in food. This study updates information relating to veterinary drug industry and reviews the main causes of such residues in products from animal origin, main types of residues found, their effects and the regulatory aspects, with emphasis to public health risks...

: Existe una creciente preocupación de los consumidores sobre la presencia de sustancias químicas en alimentos de origen animal, principalmente antimicrobianos, hormonas y plaguicidas. Con el uso masivo de fertilizantes y medicamentos veterinarios, a menudo, estimulados por la industria química, es cada vez más común la presencia de esos compuestos en alimentos. Las posibles consecuencias nocivas a la salud humana pueden surgir como resultado de la exposición aguda y/o crónica a residuos de medicamentos veterinarios. Esos residuos suelen ser detectados a niveles abajo del máximo permitido, lo que favorece la aparición de tumores a largo plazo, aunque se puede presentar reacciones de hipersensibilidad en los consumidores sensibles y resistencia a los antibióticos. El papel de los programas de control y vigilancia, así como de las buenas prácticas agrícolas, se han convertido fundamentales para la prevención y control de los residuos en alimentos. Este estudio actualiza informaciones relativas a la industria de medicamentos veterinarios y revisa las principales causas de sus residuos en productos de origen animal, principales tipos de residuos encontrados, incidencias y aspectos reglamentarios con énfasis en los riesgos a la salud pública...

[Experimental study of the effects of cooking methods on tilmicosin residues in chicken]

Antibiotic residue in food is a major concern from a health point of view. Post-slaughter and pre-consumption processing such as cooking could affect residue. The purpose of this study is to survey the effect of boiling and microwave on tilmicosin in chicken. Chicken samples containing different tilmicosin amounts cooked in boiling water and in the microwave. After cooking, tilmicosin amount was determined by HPLC and its reduction percent amount due to cooking was calculated. Sample temperature and weight reduction amount were determined after cooking. Boiling and microwave resulted in significant tilmicosin reduction. In boiling method tilmicosin reduction percentage became more by time increase; however, it was inversely related to tilmicosin initial concentration. There was significant and positive correlation between sample central temperature and tilmicosin reduction percentage. In microwave mehod, tilmicosin reduction percentage was not influenced by time or tilmicosin initial concentration. Tilmicosin reduces during cooking and its reduction amount is different in various cooking method and, therefore surveillance data obtained from tilmicosin concentrations in raw tissue such as meat are not directly applicable for consumer exposure and dietary intake calculations when the whole cooked product is consumed